Landlocked developing countries (LLDC) face very high trade costs, which on average, are almost double than those faced by coastal countries, as a result of the lack of territorial access to the sea and isolation from the world’s largest markets, which restrict the free flow of trade and impose constraints on their socio-economic development. The incidence of transport costs and non-tariff measures is also higher in these countries. In 2020, LLDCs suffered a 36 per cent decline in services exports, sharper than in the rest of the world.