The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) represents one of the most ambitious integration projects in modern economic history. Yet beneath the continental vision lies a deeper and rarely discussed contradiction: in many African countries, goods still encounter “borders” long before reaching an international frontier. Kenya offers a striking illustration of this paradox. Widely regarded as one of East Africa’s most dynamic and commercially integrated economies, the country nonetheless continues to experience significant internal trade fragmentation. The movement of some commodities across counties is frequently constrained by overlapping local levies, cess charges, movement permits, road fees, and administrative controls imposed by local authorities.








